Disclaimer

Not medical advice

Nothing on this website constitutes medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Envenomation is a medical emergency. If you or someone else has been bitten or stung and shows any systemic symptoms, contact emergency services or your national poison information centre immediately.

First-aid guidance varies by region and by species group. Where our guidance differs from that of your local health authority, follow the local authority.

Species identification

Photographs and descriptions are provided to aid general understanding. Reliable identification of many venomous species requires close examination by a specialist. Never handle an animal on the basis of an identification made from a website.

Accuracy and updates

Population figures, taxonomy, conservation status and clinical protocols change. We review articles periodically and display an updated date, but we cannot guarantee that every figure reflects the newest available assessment at the moment you read it.

Advertising and affiliates

This site is supported by display advertising. If we ever publish affiliate links, they will be disclosed clearly within the article. Advertising never influences our editorial judgements or the conclusions of a review.